The idea of a gravastar sounds like science fiction, but it comes straight out of equations we already use to describe stars.
Back in the 1930s, physicists Richard Tolman, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and George Volkoff developed what’s now called the TOV equation. It’s basically a set of rules that describe how pressure changes as you move outward from the center of a star.
Normally, this works just fine for ordinary stars—the pressure decreases smoothly until you reach the surface. But if you allow for the possibility of negative pressure at the center, the math takes a weird turn.
Inside a gravastar, you don’t have ordinary matter like gas or plasma. Instead, you have something stranger, vacuum energy. This is the same stuff associated with dark energy, the mysterious force that makes the universe expand faster and faster.
Vacuum energy is weird because it has a constant positive energy density but a negative pressure of equal magnitude.